The Energy of Natural Disasters

Tornadoes

For their size, tornadoes possess more concentrated power than any other force in nature. The average tornado is usually around just a tenth of a mile wide, but has an output of 10,000 kilowatt hours of energy. This makes it a potent destructive force, capable of leveling houses, uprooting trees, and leaving a trail of general destruction in its wake. To put this into perspective with human energy consumption, the energy in one three- to five-minute tornado could light 1,000 100-Watt light bulbs for over four days straight. Make those light bulbs compact fluorescent and they’ll last a week. 

Power of an Average Tornado:

• The equivalent of 6 barrels of oil 
• The max capacity of a typical backyard generator 
• Over 10 months’ electrical consumption for a single household 
• 300 gallons of jet fuel 

 

Volcanoes

The intense heat, earth-shaking force, and explosive violence of volcanoes make them spectacular to behold and dangerous to be near. The famous Mt. St. Helen eruption, which killed 57 people in Washington State on May 18, 1980, released 24 megatons of explosive power when it erupted. This is more energy than 720 Nagasaki atomic bombs. If it could somehow be harnessed, that amount of energy could power the entire nation of Zimbabwe for two and a half years. There have been no attempts to harvest the power of a volcanic eruption; however mankind has begun tapping into the source that powers them: super hot magma beneath the earth’s crust. Iceland leads the world in geothermal energy production, but the 7,000 megawatts produced by geothermal globally each year looks like a birthday candle when compared to the power of a volcano. 

Power of a Volcano (Mt. St. Helen):

• The explosive force of 4,000,000,000 sticks of dynamite*
• More than the combined energy produced by all nuclear power plants in the U.S. each year
• Enough energy to power the Large Hadron Collider for over 10,000 days 

*A stick of dynamite is 1/2 pound of TNT. A ton of TNT is 4,000 sticks. A megaton is one million tons.

Earthquakes

The power of an earthquake is virtually unlimited, but seismologists have developed a number of scales to measure their strength, the most commonly used being the Richter scale. The quake that rocked Haiti in January 2010 measured 7.1 on the scale, classifying it as a major earthquake. There are about 18 such earthquakes recorded each year, and all have a measurable impact of at least 44.7 megatons of power. This is equivalent to the payload of the Czar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever developed. This much energy could meet the energy needs of Norway for one full year. The most powerful earthquake ever recorded, the Valdivia Earthquake in Chile (1960) measured a 9.5 on the Richter scale and released 178 gigatons of force, enough energy to power the world for almost an entire year.

Power of the Haiti Earthquake:

• The energy equivalent of burning 100,000,000 barrels of oil 
• The amount of energy needed to fly a jumbo jet around the earth over 300 times 

 

Hurricanes

The most powerful expression of nature’s wrath on earth is the hurricane. These massive weather events release incredible energy and can last for days. Each day, an average hurricane releases 1.3 x 10¹⁷ Joules of wind energy, the equivalent of more than half of all the energy being produced by humans on earth. But this is almost nothing compared to the amount of power it takes to keep a hurricane going. Between cloud formation and rain output, a typical hurricane utilizes 5.2 x 10¹⁹ Joules/day, enough energy to meet all of the earth’s needs 200 times over. This makes the hurricane by far the world’s most energetic natural event. While harnessing the full power of a hurricane is virtually impossible, we are able to harness wind energy, generating 159 gigawats of power each year, or about 2% of the world’s total. [9]

Power of an Average Hurricane:

• The force of over 100 Czar Bombas [8]
• Enough energy to power the U.S. for five years [4]
• More than 10,000 times the capacity of all wind turbines on earth [10]

 

Tsunamis

Any giant wave can be classified as a tsunami, whether caused by an earthquake, volcano, or underwater explosion (such as a nuclear test). The amount of energy in a tsunami varies greatly by both the cause of the wave and the intensity of that event, but the amount of energy is always immense. In 2004, an extremely violent tsunami originating in the Indian Ocean decimated nearby coastal countries like Sri Lanka in one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history. The event was triggered by a magnitude 9.1 earthquake, the second strongest on record. The amount of force expended to create the deadly waves of that tsunami could have powered the United States for an entire year, but that’s just a fraction of the earthquake’s energy. The total amount of work done, most of which took place underground, would power the United States for a whopping 370 years. If all of this energy had been transferred into the giant wave, there’s no telling how much devastation would have been done to the region. The more recent tsunami in Japan is also certainly notable, however, energy statistics have not been confirmed at the time this article was written.

Power of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami:

• The force of 1,500 Hiroshima Bombs
• The energy equivalent of burning 248,000 tons of jet fuel [4]

 

Solar Flares

Almost all energy and potential energy on earth is derived from the sun. Each second, the sun releases more power than humans could ever hope to use, but sometimes a little extra energy is released in an event known as a solar flare. Solar flares affect all levels of the earth’s atmosphere, and the radiation they produce can wreak havoc on electronic communications and other human activities. Without the protection of the atmosphere, the proton storms generated by these flares would be deadly to anyone who encountered them. The amount of energy released in a solar flare can be as high as 6 x 10²⁵ Joules of energy, more than all the fossil fuels that exist on earth, and have ever existed on earth, combined. [11]

Power of a Solar Flare:

• 1,000x more than all the coal in the world
• 1,000x more than all the uranium in the world
• 10,000x more than all the oil in the world
• 10,000x more than all the natural gas in the world
• Enough to power all of the earth for 500,000,000 years [4]

Read more : http://www.digitalbusstop.com/the-energy-of-natural-disasters/

Natural Disaster Hot Zones

World Map

more details :

http://io9.com/5698758/a-map-of-the-world-that-shows-natural-disaster-hot-zones

International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center

 

http://www.ievpc.org/index.html

Storm Prediction Center

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/

Earthquake Predictions

Earthquake prediction consists basically in a step-by-step reduction of the time and space domain where a strong earthquake might be expected. But our forecasting ability is limited by the fact that the tremors are generated by a nonlinear system of earthquake-prone faults. Our hopes for improved accuracy may lie in two opposite directions.

One arises from the notion that a strong earthquake is not an abrupt instantaneous transition within a fault system, but part of some scenario slightly extended in time. The beginning of this scenario might be used as a short-term forecast – even though it is actually a fixed part of an earthquake which has already occurred.

A second possibility is that a non-linear system may become predicable after a process of smoothing or averaging. Different degrees of averaging may yield different stages of prediction: the bigger the averaging, the larger the time-space interval in which the earthquake may be expected. This would be relevant to intermediate or long-term forecasts.

Most of the premonitory seismicity patterns analysed thus far can be interpreted as different expressions of the same phenomenon: an increase in the response to excitation. This may be expressed by the increase in the following:

 

· clustering of the tremors;
· distance at which they interact;
· intensity of the earthquake flow;
· irregularities in time and space.

The approach of a strong earthquake is diagnosed when a sufficiently large number of these phenomena are observed. It must be emphasized that these, phenomena are defined over large areas; they must be roughly averaged, therefore, and not treated independently.

In the present pre-equation state of the art, one must be cautious about evoking too much from the enchanting vocabulary of chaos. Still, it is clear that a number of new approaches, rooted in this field, have yielded important results for our understanding of the dynamics of the lithosphere and earthquake prediction. There have been more attempts to explain major phenomena by their universal properties, not their details. There has been recognition of the partial similarity of structure and dynamics in a wide range of energy and neotectonic environments.

Such approaches have provided an important alternative to quite opposite, and until recently, dominant tendencies. The latter had tended to) focus on essential details first, in the hope of later integrating them into a general picture. The concern has been with differences, rather than similarities, and on specific mechanisms rather than their aggregation. This synthetic approach reflects the illusion that one may understand nonlinear systems by breaking them apart.

With the help of the new trends, our understanding of the lithosphere has been consolidated, the database was trimmed, and reproducible earthquake predictions emerged. This came none too soon in view of the critically growing need for earthquake prediction. The fact that this could be achieved by sheer force of new concepts even before they had been evolved into a theory illustrates how timely is the idea of this symposium.

Earthquake probabilities in California. With dark circles indicating an earthquake with a magnitude of M ³ 2.7 on the Richter Scale. The (Loma Prieta) earthquake of October 1989, measuring M ³ 6.9 was diagnosed in advance; the Imperial Valley diagnosis was based on data assembled after the earthquake.

Federal Emergency Management Agency

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders. On 1 April 1979.^[1][4] The primary purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency